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Following this disappointment, the Shiˤat ˤAlī finally split from the majority Sunni Muslims and formed what are today the several Shiˤa denominations. However, the Shiˤat ˤAlī, "the Party of Ali", were again disappointed when the Abbasid dynasty took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle, `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib and not from Ali. Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hisham and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. There were numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between Yaman and Qays). Some supported prominent early Muslims like Al-Zubayr others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, or his own lineage, the descendants of Ali, should rule. Largely due to the fact that they were not elected via Shura, the Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community. Although not ruling all of the Sahara, homage was paid to the Caliph by Saharan Africa usually via various nomad Berber tribes. This made it one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents ( Africa, Europe, and Asia). Islamic rule expanded westward across North Africa and into Hispania and eastward through Persia and ultimately to Sindh and Punjab in modern-day Pakistan. Under the Umayyads the Caliphate grew rapidly geographically. Umayyads, AD 661-750 Įxpansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 In areas which were previously under Persian or Byzantine rule, the Caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy, greater religious freedom for Jews, indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples that were demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Under him, the caliphate became a hereditary office for the first time. Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman, and governor (Wali) of Syria became one of Ali's challengers. This period is known as the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war. He had two major rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. Later on even some of his own guard were against him. He was very popular with many, but he was not accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt. Uthman was killed by members of an opposition group. But soon he was seen by some more as a "king" than as an elected leader. His successor, Uthman Ibn Affan, was elected by a council of electors ( Majlis). Main articles: Rashidun Empire and Muslim conquestsĪbu Bakr, the first successor of Muhammad, nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and there was consensus in the Muslim community to his choice. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendants). In the Sunni branch of Islam a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives. Caliphs were not thought of as having the same prophetic power as Muhammid did. During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many muslim states, mostly hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates.
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They were chosen through shura, a process of community consultation that some think is an early form of Islamic democracy. The Rashidun caliphs directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the muslim community. This is a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. A caliphate ( Arabic: خِلافة khilāfa) is a state ruled by an Islamic leader known as a caliph ( Arabic: خَليفة khalīfah pronunciation ( help